with more or less skill

adv. \/mɔː\/

1) mer, flere

• more bread

• ask for more

• would you like to sleep more?

• participating is more important than winning

2) ytterligere, mer, til

• a few more

• never more

• once more

• some more

• not a word more

• what more did he say?

3) mer, mest, meste

• more complicated

• more easily

• more exactly

• more numerous

• this is so easy that nothing can be more so

• the more admired of the two

• the more difficult problem of the two

4) dessuten, i tillegg

• she's pretty, and more, she's smart

all the more eller so much the more så mye mer, desto mer, så mange flere

• as the time came I grew all the more nervous

• the more reason for changing \/ the more reason there is to change

and what is more eller and more than that og ikke nok med det, og hva mer er

be more like it være bedre, være noe annet

• that's more like it

be more to it than ikke være fullt så enkelt som, være mer ved det enn

more and more mer og mer, flere og flere, stadig mer, stadig flere

• it's getting more and more difficult

more or less mer eller mindre, på sett og vis, til en viss grad, større eller mindre

• we are all alike, more or less

• with more or less skill

cirka, sånn omtrent ytterligere, til, mer ( som adverb) mer, mest, meste

like more than anything mest\/nærmest lik

the more because særlig fordi, så meget mer som

• the situation is all the more difficult because

more than flere enn, mer enn

• that is more than I can tell you

• in more than one respect

neither more nor less verken mer eller mindre

• it's neither more nor less absurd

no more ikke mer, aldri mer, ikke lenger, heller ikke, like lite

• he is an actor no more

• you didn't come and no more did he

• he knows very little about it and no more do I

• we can do no more

• let's say no more

• we saw no more of him

be no more ikke være mer, være død

no more than ikke mer\/flere enn

• no more than five people

like lite som

• he can no more do it than he can fly

• he is no more able to read Chinese than I am

not any more (than) ikke mer\/flere (enn) aldri mer

• I don't want to see him any more

not more (than) ikke mer (enn)

determ. \/mɔː\/

mer, flere

• please have some more bread

• did he ask for more?

• you're more of a hindrance than a help

no more ikke mer, ikke flere, aldri mer

• I have no more money

• no more war!

no more of that nok om det, nå får det være nok (og) dermed basta

the more the merrier jo flere desto bedre

the more... the more... jo... desto...

• the more he gets the more he wants

less [les]

comparative of  little

1. adjective

   a. (in amount, size, degree) moins (de)

• less butter moins de beurre

• even less encore moins

• even less butter encore moins de beurre

• much less milk beaucoup moins de lait

• a little less cream un peu moins de crème

• less and less de moins en moins

• less and less money de moins en moins d'argent

• of less importance de moindre importance

• I have less time for reading j'ai moins le temps de lire

• can't you let me have it for less? vous ne pouvez pas me faire un prix ?

• less of your cheek! (inf) assez d'impertinence !

• less noise please! moins de bruit s'il vous plaît !

• we see less of her now nous la voyons moins souvent maintenant

► less than moins que ; (before a number) moins de

• I have less than you j'en ai moins que vous

• I need less than that il m'en faut moins que cela

• less than half the audience moins de la moitié de l'assistance

• in less than a month en moins d'un mois

• not less than one kilo pas moins d'un kilo

• a sum less than £100 une somme de moins de 100 livres

• it is less than perfect on ne peut pas dire que ce soit parfait

• in less than no time (inf) en un rien de temps► less... than moins... que

• I have less money than you j'ai moins d'argent que vous

• it took less time than I expected cela a pris moins de temps que je ne pensais

• we eat less bread than we used to nous mangeons moins de pain qu'avant► no less

• I think no less of him for that il n'est pas descendu dans mon estime pour autant

• he's bought a boat, no less (inf) il s'est payé un bateau, rien que ça (inf)

• I was told the news by the bishop, no less (inf) c'est l'évêque en personne, s'il vous plaît (inf), qui m'a appris la nouvelle► no less + than

• he has no less than four months' holiday a year il a au moins quatre mois de vacances par an

• it costs no less than £100 ça ne coûte pas moins de 100 livres

• with no less skill than enthusiasm avec non moins d'habileté que d'enthousiasme► nothing less than rien moins que

• he's nothing less than a thief c'est tout simplement un voleur

• it's nothing less than disgraceful le moins qu'on puisse dire c'est que c'est une honte

2. adverb

   a. moins

• you must eat less il faut que vous mangiez moins

• we see each other less nowadays nous nous voyons moins ces derniers temps

• to grow less diminuer

• that's less important c'est moins important

• less and less de moins en moins

• even less encore moins

• less often moins souvent

► less... than

• it's less expensive than you think c'est moins cher que vous ne croyez

• the problem is less one of money than of personnel c'est moins un problème d'argent qu'un problème de personnel► no less... than

• she is no less intelligent than you elle n'est pas moins intelligente que vous► none the less

• he was none the less pleased to see me il n'en était pas moins content de me voir► the less...

• the less he works the less he earns moins il travaille, moins il gagne

• the less you worry about it the better moins vous vous ferez du souci à ce sujet, mieux ça vaudra

• the less said about it the better mieux vaut ne pas en parler

3. preposition

• less 10% moins 10 %

* * *

pronoun moins

adverb moins

preposition moins

less and less adverbial phrase de moins en moins

- lessen

- the less... the less/more

mindre

subst. \/les\/

lite beløp, liten mengde

determ. \/les\/

mindre

in a less degree i mindre grad

to a less extent i mindre utstrekning

adv. \/les\/

mindre

• the less said about it the better

• they cannot do less

• I cannot take less for the car

• I don't think any the less of him after this

but less so men i mindre grad

• riding is a popular sport in Sweden but less so in Norway

even less enda mindre

fight with no less daring than skill kjempe med like mye mot som evner

in less than no time i en håndvending, på et øyeblikk

less and less mindre og mindre

less than perfect alt annet enn perfekt

a little less than litt mindre enn, nesten, knapt

more or less mer eller mindre, på sett og vis, til en viss grad

• we are all alike, more or less

omtrent, cirka

• I bought a hundred more or less

no\/not\/nothing less det minste, ikke mer, ikke mindre, så mye som

• I could do no less

• I expected no less

• no less good

• they have six cars, no less!

• no less a person than the king

• he got no less than £1000

• we can guarantee you an income of not less than £25,000

• it's no less than a scandal

so much the less så mye mindre

prep. \/les\/

minus, så nær som på

• 5 less 2 is 3

• £300 a week less rates and taxes

• a year less three days

nothing ⇒ Usage note: nothing

A pron

1 (no item, event, idea) rien ; ( as object of verb) ne…rien ; ( as subject of verb) rien…ne ; she says nothing elle ne dit rien ; I knew nothing about it je n'en savais rien ; we saw nothing nous n'avons rien vu ; we can do nothing (about it) nous n'y pouvons rien ; there's nothing in the fridge il n'y a rien dans le frigidaire® ; nothing can alter the fact that rien ne peut changer le fait que ; nothing could be further from the truth rien n'est plus faux ; can nothing be done to help? est-ce qu'on ne peut rien faire pour aider? ; nothing happened il ne s'est rien passé ; they behaved as if nothing had happened ils ont fait comme si de rien n'était ; there's nothing to drink il n'y a rien à boire ; I've got nothing to wear je n'ai rien à me mettre ; you have nothing to lose vous n'avez rien à perdre ; there's nothing to stop you leaving rien ne t'empêche de partir ; we've had nothing to eat nous n'avons rien mangé ; you did nothing at all to stop them tu n'as absolument rien fait pour les arrêter ; next to nothing presque rien ; nothing much pas grand-chose ; there's nothing much on TV il n'y a pas grand-chose à la télé ○ ; nothing much happens here il ne se passe pas grand-chose ici ; I've nothing much to tell je n'ai pas grand-chose à raconter ; nothing more rien de plus ; we ask for nothing more nous ne demandons rien de plus ; is there nothing more you can do? vous ne pouvez rien faire de plus? ; she's just a friend, nothing more or less c'est une amie, c'est tout ; nothing else rien d'autre ; there's nothing else for us il n'y a rien d'autre pour nous ; nothing else matters rien d'autre ne compte, il n'y a que ça qui compte ; she thinks about nothing else elle ne pense à rien d'autre, elle ne pense qu'à cela ; there's nothing else one can say il n'y a rien d'autre à dire ; if nothing else it will be a change for us au moins ça nous changera les idées ; to have nothing against sb/sth ne rien avoir contre qn/qch ; to have nothing to do with ( no connection) ne rien avoir à voir avec ; (no dealings, involvement) ne rien avoir à faire avec ; the drop in sales has nothing to do with the scandal la baisse des ventes n'a rien à voir avec le scandale ; it had nothing to do with safety ça n'avait rien à voir avec la sécurité ; he had nothing to do with the murder il n'avait rien à voir avec le meurtre, il n'était pour rien dans le meurtre ; I had nothing to do with it! je n'y étais pour rien! ; that's got nothing to do with it! ça n'a rien à voir! ; she will have ou she wants nothing to do with it/us elle ne veut rien avoir à faire avec ça/nous ; it's nothing to do with us ça ne nous regarde pas ; she acts as though it had nothing to do with her elle fait comme si ça ne la concernait pas ; to come to nothing n'aboutir à rien ; to stop at nothing ne reculer devant rien (to do pour faire) ; to have nothing on ( no clothes) être nu ; (no engagements, plans) n'avoir rien de prévu ; you've got nothing on me ○ ! ( to incriminate) vous n'avez rien contre moi! ; he's got nothing on you ○ ! ( to rival) il ne t'arrive pas à la cheville ○ ! ; Paris has nothing on this ○ ! Paris ne peut pas rivaliser avec ça! ;

2 ( emphasizing insignificance) rien ; a fuss about nothing une histoire pour (un) rien ; to get upset over nothing s'énerver pour (un) rien ; we were talking about nothing much nous parlions de tout et de rien ; to count for nothing ne compter pour rien ; he means ou is nothing to me il n'est rien pour moi ; so all this effort means nothing to you? alors tout ce travail t'est complètement égal? ; it meant nothing to him ça lui était complètement égal (that, whether que + subj) ; the names meant nothing to him les noms ne lui disaient rien ; he cares nothing for convention sout il se moque des conventions ; to think nothing of doing ( consider normal) trouver tout à fait normal de faire ; ( not baulk at) ne pas hésiter à faire ; I thought nothing of it until the next day ça m'a paru tout à fait normal jusqu'au lendemain ; think nothing of it! ce n'est rien! ; it was nothing to them to walk miles to school ils trouvaient tout à fait normal de faire des kilomètres à pied pour aller à l'école ; there's nothing to driving a truck ce n'est rien de conduire un camion ; there' s really nothing to it! c'est tout ce qu'il y a de plus facile! ;

3 ( very little indeed) lit, fig rien ; she's four foot nothing ≈ elle ne fait pas plus d'un mètre vingt, elle fait un mètre vingt à tout casser ○ ; it costs next to nothing ça ne coûte presque rien ; for nothing ( for free) gratuitement, gratis ○ ; ( pointlessly) pour rien ; it's money for nothing c'est de l'argent vite gagné ; all this work for nothing tout ce travail pour rien ; they aren't called skyscrapers for nothing ce n'est pas pour rien qu'on appelle ça des gratte-ciel ; not for nothing is he known as… ce n'est pas pour rien qu'il est connu comme… ; I'm not English for nothing! hum je ne suis pas anglais pour rien! ;

4 (indicating absence of trait, quality) nothing serious/useful rien de grave/d'utile ; nothing too fancy rien de très compliqué ; nothing interesting, nothing of any interest rien d'intéressant ; nothing new to report rien de nouveau à signaler ; have they nothing cheaper? est-ce qu'ils n'ont rien de moins cher? ; there's nothing unusual about doing il n'y a rien d'extraordinaire à faire ; there's nothing unusual about it ça n'a rien d'extraordinaire ; it seems easy but it's nothing of the kind cela paraît facile mais il n'en est rien ; nothing of the kind should ever happen again une chose pareille ne devrait jamais se reproduire ; you'll do nothing of the sort! tu n'en feras rien! ;

5 (emphatic: setting up comparisons) it's nothing like that at all! ce n'est pas ça du tout! ; there's nothing like the sea air for doing il n'y a rien de tel que l'air marin pour faire ; there's nothing like seeing old friends revoir de vieux amis, il n'y a rien de tel ; there's nothing like it! il n'y a rien de tel or de mieux! ; there's nothing so embarrassing as doing il n'y a rien d'aussi gênant que de faire ; I can think of nothing worse than je ne peux rien imaginer de pire que ; there's nothing more ridiculous than il n'y a rien de plus ridicule que ; that's nothing to what he'll do if he finds out that ce n'est rien comparé à or à côté de ce qu'il fera quand il découvrira que ; the hive resembles nothing so much as a business la ruche ressemble tout à fait à une entreprise ; to say nothing of sans parler de ; detested by his colleagues to say nothing of the students détesté par ses collègues sans parler des étudiants ;

6 (no element, part) to know nothing of ne rien savoir de [truth, events, plans] ; he knows nothing of the skill involved il n'imagine pas la technique que cela implique ; we heard nothing of what was said nous n'avons rien entendu de ce qui s'est dit ; he has nothing of the aristocrat about him il n'a rien d'un aristocrate ; there was nothing of the exotic in the place l'endroit n'avait rien d'exotique ;

7 (no truth, value, use) you get nothing out of it ça ne rapporte rien ; there's nothing in it for me ça n'a aucun intérêt pour moi ; there's nothing in it (in gossip, rumour) il n'y a rien de vrai là-dedans ; (in magazine, booklet) c'est sans intérêt.

B adv

1 ( in no way) it is nothing like as important/difficult as c'est loin d'être aussi important/difficile que ; it's nothing like enough! c'est loin d'être suffisant! ; the portrait looks nothing like her le portrait ne lui ressemble pas du tout ; she is nothing like her sister elle ne ressemble pas du tout à sa sœur ; the city is nothing like what it was la ville n'est plus du tout ce qu'elle était ;

2 (emphatic: totally, only) it's nothing short of brilliant/disgraceful c'est tout à fait génial/scandaleux ; nothing short of a miracle can save them il n'y a qu'un miracle qui puisse les sauver ;

3 (emphatic: decidedly) she's nothing if not original in her dress le moins qu'on puisse dire c'est qu'elle s'habille de façon originale ; I'm nothing if not stubborn! le moins qu'on puisse dire c'est que je suis têtu!

C adj to be nothing without sb/sth ne rien être sans qn/qch ; he's nothing without you/his career il n'est rien sans toi/sa carrière.

D n

1 ( nothingness) néant m ;

2 ( trivial matter) it's a mere nothing compared to ce n'est pratiquement rien par rapport à ; ⇒ sweet.

E nothing but adv phr he's nothing but a coward ce n'est qu'un lâche ; they've done nothing but moan ○ ils n'ont fait que râler ○ ; it' s caused me nothing but trouble ça ne m'a valu que des ennuis ; nothing but the best for me! je ne veux que ce qu'il y a de meilleur! ; she has nothing but praise for them elle ne tarit pas d'éloges sur eux.

F nothing less than adv phr it's nothing less than a betrayal c'est une véritable trahison ; they want nothing less than reunification ils ne seront satisfaits que quand il y aura la réunification ; nothing less than real saffron will do il n'y a que du vrai safran qui fera l'affaire.

G nothing more than adv phr it's nothing more than a strategy to do ce n'est qu'une stratégie pour faire ; the stories are nothing more than gossip ces histoires ne sont rien d'autre que des ragots ; they'd like nothing more than to do ils ne demandent pas mieux que de faire.

nothing doing ○ ! ( outright refusal) pas question ○ ! ; ( no chance of success) pas moyen ○ ! ; there's nothing doing at the office ○ il ne se passe rien au bureau ; there was nothing for it but to call the doctor GB il ne restait plus qu'à faire venir le médecin ; there's nothing for it! GB il n'y a rien à faire ; you get nothing for nothing on n'a rien sans rien.

* * *

a negative suffix to verbs, not;

era útmakligt, at it is not unmeet that.

* * *

á, prep., often used elliptically, or even adverbially, [Goth. ana; Engl. on; Germ. an. In the Scandinavian idioms the liquid n is absorbed. In English the same has been supposed to happen in adverbial phrases, e. g. ‘along, away, abroad, afoot, again, agate, ahead, aloft, alone, askew, aside, astray, awry,’ etc. It is indeed true that the Ormulum in its northern dialect freq. uses o, even in common phrases, such as ‘o boke, o land, o life, o slæpe, o strande, o write, o naht, o loft,’ etc., v. the glossary; and we may compare on foot and afoot, on sleep (Engl. Vers. of Bible) and asleep; A. S. a-butan and on-butan (about); agen and ongean (again, against); on bæc, aback; on life, alive; on middan, amid. But it is more than likely that in the expressions quoted above, as well as in numberless others, as well in old as in modern English, the English a- as well as the o- of the Ormulum and the modern Scottish and north of England o- are in reality remains of this very á pronounced au or ow, which was brought by the Scandinavian settlers into the north of England. In the struggle for supremacy between the English dialects after the Conquest, the Scandinavian form á or a won the day in many cases to the exclusion of the Anglo-Saxon on. Some of these adverbs have representatives only in the Scandinavian tongues, not in Anglo-Saxon; see below, with dat. B. II, C. VII; with acc. C. I. and VI. The prep. á denotes the surface or outside; í and ór the inside; at, til, and frá, nearness measured to or from an object: á thus answers to the Gr. επί; the Lat. in includes á and i together.]

With dat. and acc.: in the first case with the notion of remaining on a place, answering to Lat. in with abl.; in the last with the notion of motion to the place, = Lat. in with acc.

WITH DAT.

A. Loc.

I. generally on, upon; á gólfi, on the floor, Nj. 2; á hendi, on the hand (of a ring), 48, 225; á palli, 50; á steini, 108; á vegg, 115; á sjá ok á landi, on sea and land. In some instances the distinction between d and i is loose and wavering, but in most cases common sense and usage decide; thus ‘á bók’ merely denotes the letters, the penmanship, ‘í’ the contents of a book; mod. usage, however, prefers ‘í,’ lesa í bók, but stafr á bók. Old writers on the other hand; á bókum Enskum, in English books, Landn. 24, but í Aldafars bók, 23 (in the book De Mensurâ Temporum, by Bede), cp. Grág. i. 76, where á is a false reading instead of at; á bréfi, the contents of a letter: of clothing or arms, mítr á höfði, sverð á hlið, mitre on head, sword on side, Fms. i. 266, viii. 404; hafa lykil á sér, on one’s person, 655 xxvii. 22; möttull á tyglum, a mantle hanging on (i. e. fastened by) laces, Fms. vii. 201: á þingi means to be present at a meeting; í þingi, to abide within a jurisdiction; á himni, á jörðu, on (Engl. in) heaven and earth, e. g. in the Lord’s Prayer, but í helviti, in hell; á Gimli, Edda (of a heavenly abode); á báti, á skipi denote crew and cargo, ‘í’ the timber or materials of which a ship is built, Eg. 385; vera í stafni á skipi, 177: á skógi, to be abroad in a wood (of a hunter, robber, deer); but to be situated (a house), at work (to fell timber), í skógi, 573, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 122, viii. 31, xi. 1, Glúm. 330, Landn. 173; á mörkinni, Fms. i. 8, but í mörk, of a farm; á firðinum means lying in a firth, of ships or islands (on the surface of the water), þær eyjar liggja á Breiðafirði, Ld. 36; but í firði, living in a district named Firth; á landi, Nj. 98, Fms. xi. 386.

II. á is commonly used in connection with the pr. names or countries terminating in ‘land,’ Engl. in, á Englandi, Írlandi, Skotlandi, Bretlandi, Saxlandi, Vindlandi, Vínlandi, Grænalandi, Íslandi, Hálogalandi, Rogalandi, Jótlandi, Frakklandi, Hjaltlandi, Jamtalandi, Hvítramannalandi, Norðrlöndum, etc., vide Landn. and the index to Fms. xii. In old writers í is here very rare, in modern authors more frequent; taste and the context in many instances decide. An Icelander would now say, speaking of the queen or king, ‘á Englandi,’ ruling over, but to live ‘í Englandi,’ or ‘á Englandi;’ the rule in the last case not being quite fixed.

2. in connection with other names of countries: á Mæri, Vörs, Ögðum, Fjölum, all districts of Norway, v. Landn.; á Mýrum (in Icel.), á Finnmörk, Landn., á Fjóni (a Danish island); but í Danmörk, Svíþjóð (á Svíþjóðu is poët., Gs. 13).

3. before Icel. farms denoting open and elevated slopes and spaces (not too high, because then ‘at’ must be used), such as ‘staðr, völlr, ból, hjalli, bakki, heimr, eyri,’ etc.; á Veggjum, Landn. 69; á Hólmlátri, id.: those ending in ‘-staðr,’ á Geirmundarstöðum, Þórisstöðum, Jarðlangsstöðum…, Landn.: ‘-völlr,’ á Möðruvöllum: á Fitjum (the farm) í Storð (the island), í Fenhring (the island) á Aski (the farm), Landn., Eg.: ‘-nes’ sometimes takes á, sometimes í (in mod. usage always ‘í’), á Nesi, Eb. 14, or í Krossnesi, 30; in the last case the notion of island, νησος, prevails: so also, ‘fjörðr,’ as, þeir börðust á Vigrafirði (of a fight o n the ice), Landn. 101, but orusta í Hafrsfirði, 122: with ‘-bær,’ á is used in the sense of a farm or estate, hón sa á e-m bæ mikit hús ok fagrt, Edda 22; ‘í bæ’ means within doors, of the buildings: with ‘Bær’ as pr. name Landn. uses ‘í,’ 71, 160, 257, 309, 332.

4. denoting on or just above; of the sun, when the time is fixed by regarding the sun in connection with points in the horizon, a standing phrase in Icel.; sól á gjáhamri, when the sun is on the crag of the Rift, Grág. i. 26, cp. Glúm. 387; so, brú á á, a bridge on a river, Fms. viii. 179, Hrafn. 20; taka hús á e-m, to surprise one, to take the house over his head, Fms. i. 11.

III. á is sometimes used in old writers where we should now expect an acc., esp. in the phrase, leggja sverði (or the like) á e-m, or á e-m miðjum, to stab, Eg. 216, Gísl. 106, Band. 14; þá stakk Starkaðr sprotanum á konungi, then Starkad stabbed the king with the wand, Fas. iii. 34; bíta á kampi (vör), to bite the lips, as a token of pain or emotion, Nj. 209, 68; taka á e-u, to touch a thing, lay hold of it, v. taka; fá á e-u, id. (poët.); leggja hendr á (better at) síðum, in wrestling, Fms. x. 331; koma á úvart á e-m, to come on one unawares, ix. 407 (rare).

B. TEMP. of a particular point or period of time, at, on, in:

I. gener. denoting during, in the course of; á nótt, degi, nætrþeli …, Bs. i. 139; or spec. adding a pron. or an adject., á næsta sumri, the next summer; á því ári, þingi, misseri, hausti, vári, sumri …, during, in that year …, Bs. i. 679, etc.; á þrem sumrum, in the course of three summers, Grág. i. 218; á þrem várum, Fms. ii. 114; á hálfs mánaðar fresti, within half a month’s delay, Nj. 99; á tvítugs, sextugs … aldri, á barns, gamals aldri, etc., at the age of …, v. aldr: á dögum e-s, in the days of, in his reign or time, Landn. 24, Hrafn. 3, Fms. ix. 229.

II. used of a fixed recurrent period or season; á várum, sumrum, haustum, vetrum, á kveldum, every spring, summer …, in the evenings, Eg. 711, Fms. i. 23, 25, vi. 394, Landn. 292: with the numeral adverbs, cp. Lat. ter in anno, um sinn á mánuði, ári, once a month, once a year, where the Engl. a is not the article but the preposition, Grág. i. 89.

III. of duration; á degi, during a whole day, Fms. v. 48; á sjau nóttum, Bárð. 166; á því meli, during that time, in the meantime, Grág. i. 259.

IV. connected with the seasons (á vetri, sumri, vári, hausti), ‘á’ denotes the next preceding season, the last winter, summer, autumn, Eb. 40, 238, Ld. 206: in such instances ‘á’ denotes the past, ‘at’ the future, ‘í’ the present; thus í vetri in old writers means this winter; á vetri, last winter; at vetri, next winter, Eb. 68 (in a verse), etc.

C. In various other relations, more or less metaphorically, on, upon, in, to, with, towards, against:

I. denoting object, in respect of, against, almost periphrastically; dvelja á náðum e-s, under one’s protection, Fms. i. 74; hafa metnað á e-u, to be proud of, to take pride in a thing, 127.

2. denoting a personal relation, in; bæta e-t á e-m, to make amends, i. e. to one personally; misgöra e-t á e-m, to inflict wrong on one; hafa elsku (hatr) á e-m, to bear love ( hatred) to one, Fms. ix. 242; hefna sín á e-m, to take revenge on one’s person, on anyone; rjúfa sætt á e-m, to break truce on the person of any one, to offend against his person, Nj. 103; hafa sár á sér, 101; sjá á e-m, to read on or in one’s face; sér hann á hverjum manni hvárt til þín er vel eðr illa, 106; var þat brátt auðséð á hennar högum, at …, it could soon be seen in all her doings, that …, Ld. 22.

3. also generally to shew signs of a thing; sýna fáleika á sér, to shew marks of displeasure, Nj. 14, Fs. 14; taka vel, illa, lítt, á e-u, to take a thing well, ill, or indifferently, id.; finna á sér, to feel in oneself; fann lítt á honum, hvárt …, it could hardly be seen in his face, whether …, Eb. 42; líkindi eru á, it is likely, Ld. 172; göra kost á e-u, to give a choice, chance of it, 178; eiga vald á e-u, to have power over …, Nj. 10.

II. denoting encumbrance, duty, liability; er fimtardómsmál á þeim, to be subject to …, Nj. 231; the phrase, hafa e-t á hendi, or vera á hendi e-m, on one’s hands, of work or duty to be done; eindagi á fé, term, pay day, Grág. i. 140; ómagi (skylda, afvinna) á fé, of a burden or encumbrance, D. I. and Grág. in several passages.

III. with a personal pronoun, sér, mér, honum …, denoting personal appearance, temper, character, look, or the like; vera þungr, léttr … á sér, to be heavy or light, either bodily or mentally; þungr á sér, corpulent, Sturl. i. 112; kátr ok léttr á sér, of a gay and light temper, Fms. x. 152; þat bragð hafði hann á sér, he looked as if, … the expression of his face was as though …, Ld., cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á sér svip, bragð, æði, sið, of one’s manner or personal appearance, to bear oneself as, or the like; skjótr (seinn) á fæti, speedy ( slow) of foot, Nj. 258.

IV. as a periphrasis of the possessive pronoun connected with the limbs or parts of the body. In common Icel. such phrases as my hands, eyes, head … are hardly ever used, but höfuð, eyru, hár, nef, munnr, hendr, fætr … á mér; so ‘í’ is used of the internal parts, e. g. hjarta, bein … í mér; the eyes are regarded as inside the body, augun í honum: also without the possessive pronoun, or as a periphrasis for a genitive, brjóstið á e-m, one’s breast, Nj. 95, Edda 15; súrnar í augum, it smarts in my eyes, my eyes smart, Nj. 202; kviðinn á sér, its belly, 655 xxx. 5, Fms. vi. 350; hendr á henni, her hands, Gísl. (in a verse); í vörunum á honum, on his lips, Band. 14; ristin á honum, his step, Fms. viii. 141; harðr í tungu, sharp of tongue, Hallfred (Fs. 114); kalt (heitt) á fingrum, höndum, fótum …, cold ( warm) in the fingers, hands, feet …, i. e. with cold fingers, etc.; cp. also the phrase, verða vísa (orð) á munni, of extemporising verses or speeches, freq. in the Sagas; fastr á fótum, fast by the leg, of a bondsman, Nj. 27: of the whole body, díla fundu þeir á honum, 209. The pers. pron. is used only in solemn style (poetry, hymns, the Bible), and perhaps only when influenced by foreign languages, e. g. mitt hjarta hví svo hryggist þú, as a translation of ‘warumb betrübst du dich mein Herz?’ the famous hymn by Hans Sachs; instead of the popular hjartað í mér, Sl. 43, 44: hjartað mitt is only used as a term of endearment, as by a husband to his wife, parents to their child, or the like, in a metaphorical sense; the heart proper is ‘í mér,’ not ‘mitt.’

2. of other things, and as a periphrasis of a genitive, of a part belonging to the whole, e. g. dyrr á husi = húsdyrr, at the house-doors; turn á kirkju = kirkju turn; stafn, skutr, segl, árar … á skipi, the stem, stern, sail … of a ship, Fms. ix. 135; blöð á lauk, á tré …, leaves of a leek, of a tree …, Fas. i. 469; egg á sverði = sverðs egg; stafr á bók; kjölr á bók, and in endless other instances.

V. denoting instrumentality, by, on, or a-, by means of; afla fjár á hólmgöngum, to make money a-duelling, by means of duels, Eg. 498; á verkum sínum, to subsist on one’s own work, Njarð. 366: as a law term, sekjast á e-ju, to be convicted upon …, Grág. i. 123; sekst maðr þar á sínu eigini ( a man is guilty in re sua), ef hann tekr af þeim manni er heimild ( possessio) hefir til, ii. 191; falla á verkum sínum, to be killed flagranti delicto, v. above; fella e-n á bragði, by a sleight in wrestling; komast undan á flótta, to escape by flight, Eg. 11; á hlaupi, by one’s feet, by speed, Hkr. ii. 168; lifa á e-u, to feed on; bergja á e-u, to taste of a thing; svala sér á e-u, to quench the thirst on.

VI. with subst. numerals; á þriðja tigi manna, up to thirty, i. e. from about twenty to thirty, Ld. 194; á öðru hundraði skipa, from one to two hundred sail strong, Fms. x. 126; á níunda tigi, between eighty and ninety years of age, Eg. 764, v. above: used as prep., á hendi, on one’s hand, i. e. bound to do it, v. hönd.

VII. in more or less adverbial phrases it may often be translated in Engl. by a participle and a- prefixed; á lopti, aloft; á floti, afloat; á lífi, alive; á verðgangi, a-begging; á brautu, away; á baki, a-back, behind, past; á milli, a-tween; á laun, alone, secretly; á launungu, id.; á móti, against; á enda, at an end, gone; á huldu, hidden; fara á hæli, to go a-heel, i. e. backwards, Fms. vii. 70;—but in many cases these phrases are transl. by the Engl. partic. with a, which is then perh. a mere prefix, not a prep., á flugi, a-flying in the air, Nj. 79; vera á gangi, a-going; á ferli, to be about; á leiki, a-playing, Fms. i. 78; á sundi, a-swimming, ii. 27; á verði, a-watching, x. 201; á hrakningi, a-wandering; á reiki, a-wavering; á skjálfi, a-shivering; á-hleri, a-listening; á tali, a-talking, Ísl. ii. 200; á hlaupi, a-running, Hkr. ii. 268; á verki, a-working; á veiðum, a-hunting; á fiski, a-fishing; á beit, grazing: and as a law term it even means in flagranti, N. G. L. i. 348.

VIII. used absolutely without a case in reference to the air or the weather, where ‘á’ is almost redundant; þoka var á mikil, a thick fog came on, Nj. 267; niðamyrkr var á, pitch darkness came on, Eg. 210; allhvast á norðan, a very strong breeze from the north, Fms. ix. 20; þá var á norðrænt, a north wind came on, 42, Ld. 56; hvaðan sem á er, from whatever point the wind is; var á hríð veðrs, a snow storm came on, Nj. 282; görði á regn, rain came on, Fms. vi. 394, xi. 35, Ld. 156.

WITH ACC.

A. Loc.

I. denoting simple direction towards, esp. connected with verbs of motion, going, or the like; hann gékk á bergsnös, Eg. 389; á hamar, Fas. ii. 517.

2. in phrases denoting direction; liggja á útborða, lying on the outside of the ship, Eg. 354; á annat borð skipinu, Fms. vii. 260; á bæði borð, on both sides of the ship, Nj. 124, Ld. 56; á tvær hliðar, on both sides, Fms. v. 73. Ísl. ii. 159; á hlið, sidewards; út á hlið, Nj. 262, Edda 44; á aðra hönd henni, Nj. 50, Ld. 46; höggva á tvær hendr, to hew or strike right and left, Ísl. ii. 368, Fas. i. 384, Fms. viii. 363, x. 383.

3. upp á, upon; hann tók augu Þjaza ok kastaði upp á himin, Edda 47: with verbs denoting to look, see, horfa, sjá, líta, etc.; hann rak skygnur á land, he cast glances towards the land, Ld. 154.

II. denoting direction with or without the idea of arriving:

1. with verbs denoting to aim at; of a blow or thrust, stefna á fótinn, Nj. 84; spjótið stefnir á hann miðjan, 205: of the wind, gékk veðrit á vestr, the wind veered to west, Fms. ix. 28; sigla á haf, to stand out to sea, Hkr. i. 146, Fms. i. 39: with ‘út’ added, Eg. 390, Fms. x. 349.

2. conveying the notion of arriving, or the intervening space being traversed; spjótið kom á miðjan skjöldinn, Eg. 379, Nj. 96, 97; langt upp á land, far up inland, Hkr. i. 146: to reach, taka ofan á belti, of the long locks of a woman, to reach down to the belt, Nj. 2; ofan á bringu, 48; á þa ofan, 91.

III. without reference to the space traversed, connected with verbs denoting to go, turn, come, ride, sail, throw, or the like, motion of every kind; hann kastar honum á völlinn, he flings him down, Nj. 91; hlaupa á skip sitt, to leap on board his ship, 43; á hest, to mount quickly, Edda 75; á lend hestinum, Nj. 91; hann gengr á sáðland sitt, he walks on to his fields, 82: on, upon, komast á fætr, to get upon one’s legs, 92; ganga á land, to go a-shore, Fms. i. 40; ganga á þing, vii. 242, Grág. (often); á skóg, á merkr ok skóga, into a wood, Fb. i. 134, 257, Fms. xi. 118, Eg. 577, Nj. 130; fara á Finnmörk, to go travelling in Finmark, Fms. i. 8; koma, fara á bæ, to arrive at the farm-house; koma á veginn, Eg. 578; stíga á bát, skip, to go on board, 158; hann gékk upp á borg, he went up to the burg (castle), 717; en er þeir komu á loptriðið, 236; hrinda skipum á vatn, to float the ships down into the water, Fms. i. 58; reka austr á haf, to drift eastwards on the sea, x. 145; ríða ofan á, to ride down or over, Nj. 82.

IV. in some cases the acc. is used where the dat. would be used, esp. with verbs denoting to see or hear, in such phrases as, þeir sá boða mikinn inn á fjörðinn, they saw great breakers away up in the bight of the firth, the acc. being due perhaps to a motion or direction of the eye or ear towards the object, Nj. 124; sá þeir fólkit á land, they saw the people in the direction of land, Fas. ii. 517: in phrases denoting to be placed, to sit, to be seated, the seat or bench is freq. in the acc. where the dat. would now be used; konungr var þar á land upp, the king was then up the country, the spectator or narrator is conceived as looking from the shore or sea-side, Nj. 46; sitja á miðjan bekk, to be seated on the middle bench, 50; skyldi konungs sæti vera á þann bekk … annat öndvegi var á hinn úæðra pall; hann setti konungs hásæti á miðjan þverpall, Fms. vi. 439, 440, cp. Fagrsk. l. c., Sturl. iii. 182; eru víða fjallbygðir upp á mörkina, in the mark or forest, Eg. 58; var þar mörk mikil á land upp, 229; mannsafnaðr er á land upp (viewed from the sea), Ld. 76; stóll var settr á mótið, Fas. i. 58; beiða fars á skip, to beg a passage, Grág. i. 90.

V. denoting parts of the body; bíta e-n á barka, to bite one in the throat, Ísl. ii. 447; skera á háls, to cut the throat of any one, Nj. 156; brjóta e-n á háls, to break any one’s neck; brjóta e-n á bak, to break any one’s back, Fms. vii. 119; kalinn á kné, frozen to the knees with cold, Hm. 3.

VI. denoting round; láta reipi á háls hesti, round his horse’s neck, 623. 33; leggja söðul á hest, Nj. 83; and ellipt., leggja á, to saddle; breiða feld á hofuð sér, to wrap a cloak over his head, 164; reyta á sik mosa, to gather moss to cover oneself with, 267; spenna hring á hönd, á fingr, Eg. 300.

VII. denoting a burden; stela mat á tvá hesta, hey á fimtán hesta, i. e. a two, a fifteen horse load, Nj. 74: metaph., kjósa feigð á menn, to choose death upon them, i. e. doom them to death, Edda 22.

B. TEMP.

I. of a period of time, at, to; á morgun, to-morrow (í morgun now means the past morning, the morning of to-day), Ísl. ii. 333.

II. if connected with the word day, ‘á’ is now used before a fixed or marked day, a day of the week, a feast day, or the like; á Laugardag, á Sunnudag …, on Saturday, Sunday, the Old Engl. a-Sunday, a-Monday, etc.; á Jóladaginn, Páskadaginn, on Yule and Easter-day; but in old writers more often used ellipt. Sunnudaginn, Jóladaginn …, by dropping the prep. ‘á,’ Fms. viii. 397, Grág. i. 18.

III. connected with ‘dagr’ with the definite article suffixed, ‘á’ denotes a fixed, recurring period or season, in; á daginn, during the day-time, every day in turn, Grett. 91 A.

IV. connected with ‘evening, morning, the seasons,’ with the article; á kveldit, every evening, Ld. 14; á sumarit, every summer, Vd. 128, where the new Ed. Fs. 51 reads sumrum; á haust, every autumn, Eg. 741 (perh. a misprint instead of á haustin or á haustum); á vetrinn, in the winter time, 710; á várit, every spring, Gþl. 347; the sing., however, is very rare in such cases, the old as well as mod. usage prefers the plur.; á nætrnar, by night, Nj. 210; á várin, Eg. 710; á sumrin, haustin, á morgnana, in the morning (á morgin, sing., means to-morrow); á kveldin, in the evening, only ‘dagr’ is used in sing., v. above (á daginn, not á dagana); but elliptically and by dropping the article, Icelanders say, kveld og morgna, nótt og dag, vetr sumar vor og haust, in the same sense as those above mentioned.

V. denoting duration, the article is dropped in the negative phrase, aldri á sinn dag, never during one’s life; aldri á mína daga, never in my life, Bjarn. 8, where a possess. pron. is put between noun and prep., but this phrase is very rare. Such phrases as, á þann dag, that day, and á þenna dag, Stj. 12, 655 xxx. 2. 20, are unclassical.

VI. á dag without article can only be used in a distributive sense, e. g. tvisvar á dag, twice a-day; this use is at present freq. in Icel., yet instances from old writers are not on record.

VII. denoting a movement onward in time, such as, liðið á nótt, dag, kveld, morgun, sumar, vetr, vár, haust (or nóttina, daginn …), jól, páska, föstu, or the like, far on in the night, day …, Edda 33; er á leið vetrinn, when the winter was well on, as the winter wore on, Nj. 126; cp. áliðinn: also in the phrase, hniginn á inn efra aldr, well stricken in years, Ld. 68.

C. Metaph. and in various relations:

I. somewhat metaphorically, denoting an act only (not the place); fara á fund, á vit e-s, to call for one, Eg. 140; koma á ræðu við e-n, to come to a parley with, to speak, 173; ganga á tal, Nj. 103; skora á hólm, to challenge to a duel on an island; koma á grið, to enter into a service, to be domiciled, Grág. i. 151; fara á veiðar, to go a-hunting, Fms. i. 8.

β. generally denoting on, upon, in, to; bjóða vöxtu á féit, to offer interest on the money, Grág. i. 198; ganga á berhögg, to come to blows, v. berhögg; fá á e-n, to make an impression upon one, Nj. 79; ganga á vápn e-s, to throw oneself on an enemy’s weapon, meet him face to face, Rd. 310; ganga á lagið, to press on up the spear-shaft after it has passed through one so as to get near one’s foe, i. e. to avail oneself of the last chance; bera fé á e-n, to bribe, Nj. 62; bera öl á e-n, to make drunk, Fas. i. 13; snúinn á e-t, inclined to, Fms. x. 142; sammælast á e-t, to agree upon, Nj. 86; sættast, verða sáttr á e-t, in the same sense, to come to an agreement, settlement, or atonement, 78, Edda 15, Eb. 288, Ld. 50, Fms. i. 279; ganga á mála, to serve for pay as a soldier, Nj. 121; ganga á vald e-s, to put oneself in his power, 267; ganga á sætt, to break an agreement; vega á veittar trygðir, to break truce, Grág. ii. 169.

II. denoting in regard to, in respect to:

1. of colour, complexion, the hue of the hair, or the like; hvítr, jarpr, dökkr … á hár, having white, brown, or dark … hair, Ísl. ii. 190, Nj. 39; svartr á brún ok brá, dark of brow and eyebrow; dökkr á hörund, id., etc.

2. denoting skill, dexterity; hagr á tré, a good carpenter; hagr á járn, málm, smíðar …, an expert worker in iron, metals …, Eg. 4; fimr á boga, good at the bow: also used of mastership in science or arts, meistari á hörpuslátt, a master in striking the harp, Fas. iii. 220; fræðimaðr á kvæði, knowing many poems by heart, Fms. vi. 391; fræðimaðr á landnámssögur ok forna fræði, a learned scholar in histories and antiquities (of Are Frode), Ísl. ii. 189; mikill á íþrótt, skilful in an art, Edda (pref.) 148; but dat. in the phrase, kunna (vel) á skíðum, to be a cunning skater, Fms. i. 9, vii. 120.

3. denoting dimensions; á hæð, lengd, breidd, dýpt …, in the heighth, length, breadth, depth …, Eg. 277; á hvern veg, on each side, Edda 41 (square miles); á annan veg, on the one side, Grág. i. 89.

β. the phrase, á sik, in regard to oneself, vel (illa) á sik kominn, of a fine ( ugly) appearance, Ld. 100, Fas. iii. 74.

III. denoting instrumentality; bjargast á sínar hendr, to live on the work of one’s own hands, (á sínar spýtur is a mod. phrase in the same sense); (vega) á skálir, pundara, to weigh in scales, Grág. ii. 370; at hann hefði tvá pundara, ok hefði á hinn meira keypt en á hinn minna selt, of a man using two scales, a big one for buying and a little one for selling, Sturl. i. 91; á sinn kostnað, at one’s own expense; nefna e-n á nafn, by name, Grág. i. 17, etc. The Icel. also say, spinna á rokk, snældu, to spin on or with a rock or distaff; mala á kvern, to grind in a ‘querne,’ where Edda 73 uses dat.; esp. of musical instruments, syngja, leika á hljóðfæri, hörpu, gígju …; in the old usage, leika hörpu …, Stj. 458.

IV. denoting the manner or way of doing:

1. á þessa lund, in this wise, Grág. ii. 22; á marga vega, á alla, ymsa vega, in many, all, respects, Fms. i. 114; á sitt hóf, in its turn, respectively, Ld. 136, where the context shews that the expression answers to the Lat. mutatis mutandis; á Þýðersku, after German fashion, Sks. 288.

2. esp. of language; mæla, rita á e-a tungu, to speak, write in a tongue; á Írsku, in Irish, Ld. 76; Norrænu, in Norse, Eb. 330, Vm. 35; a Danska tungu, in Danish, i. e. Scandinavian, Norse, or Icelandic, Grág. i. 18; á Vára tungu, i. e. in Icelandic, 181; rita á Norræna tungu, to write in Norse, Hkr. (pref.), Bs. i. 59:—at present, dat. is sometimes used.

3. in some phrases the acc. is used instead of the dat.; hann sýndi á sik mikit gaman, Fms. x. 329; hann lét ekki á sik finna, he shewed no sign of motion, Nj. 111; skaltú önga fáleika á þik gera (Cod. Kalf.), 14.

V. used in a distributive sense; skal mörk kaupa gæzlu á kú, eðr oxa fim vetra gamlan, a mark for every cow, Grág. i. 147; alin á hvert hross, 442; á mann, per man (now freq.): cp. also á dag above, lit. B.

VI. connected with nouns,

1. prepositional; á hendr (with dat.), against; á hæla, at heel, close behind; á bak, at back, i. e. past, after; á vit (with gen.), towards.

2. adverbially; á braut, away, abroad; á víxl, in turns; á mis, amiss; á víð ok dreif, a-wide and a-drift, i. e. dispersedly.

3. used almost redundantly before the following prep.; á eptir, after, behind; á undan, in front of; á meðal, á milli, among; á mót, against; á við, about, alike; á frá (cp. Swed. ifrån), from (rare); á fyrir = fyrir, Haustl. 1; á hjá, beside (rare); á fram, a-head, forwards; á samt, together; ávalt = of allt, always: following a prep., upp á, upon; niðr á, down upon; ofan á, eptir á, post eventum, (temp.) á eptir is loc., id., etc.

VII. connected with many transitive verbs, answering to the Lat. ad- or in-, in composition, in many cases periphrastically for an objective case. The prep. generally follows after the verb, instead of being prefixed to it as in Lat., and answers to the Engl. on, to; heita kalla, hrópa á, to call on; heyra, hlusta, hlyða á, to hearken to, listen to; hyggja, hugsa á, to think on; minna á, to remind; sjá, líta, horfa, stara, mæna, glápa, koma auga … á, to look on; girnast á, to wish for; trúa á, to believe on; skora á, to call on any one to come out, challenge; kæra á, to accuse; heilsa á, to greet; herja, ganga, ríða, hlaupa, ráða … á, to fall on, attack, cp. ágangr, áreið, áhlaup; ljúga á, to tell lies of, to slander; telja á, to carp at; ausa, tala, hella, kasta, verpa … á, to pour, throw on; ríða, bera, dreifa á, to sprinkle on; vanta, skorta á, to fall short of; ala á, to plead, beg; leggja á, to throw a spell on, lay a saddle on; hætta á, to venture on; gizka á, to guess at; kveða á, to fix on, etc.: in a reciprocal sense, haldast á, of mutual strife; sendast á, to exchange presents; skrifast á, to correspond (mod.); kallast á, to shout mutually; standast á, to coincide, so as to be just opposite one another, etc.

f. [Lat. aqua; Goth. ahva; Hel. aha; A. S. eâ; O. H. G. aha, owa; cp. Germ. ach and aue; Fr. eau, eaux; Engl. Ax-, Ex-, etc., in names of places; Swed.-Dan. å; the Scandinavians absorb the hu, so that only a single vowel or diphthong remains of the whole word]:—a river. The old form in nom. dat. acc. sing. is , v. the introduction to A, page 1, Bs. i. 333 sq., where ́n, ́ (acc.), and ́na; so also Greg. 677; the old fragm. of Grág. ii. 222, 223, new Ed. In the Kb. of the Edda the old form occurs twice, viz. page 75, ́na (acc.), (but two lines below, ána), í ́nni (dat.) The old form also repeatedly occurs in the Kb. and Sb. of the Grág., e. g. ii. 266, 267: gen. sing. ár; nom. pl. ár, gen. á contracted, dat. ám, obsolete form ́m; Edda 43, Eg. 80, 99, 133, 185: proverbs, at ósi skal á stemma, answering to the Lat. principiis obsta, Edda 60; hér kemr á til sæfar, here the river runs into the sea, metaph. = this is the very end, seems to have been a favourite ending of old poems; it is recorded in the Húsdrápa and the Norðsetadrápa, v. Edda 96, Skálda 198; cp. the common saying, oil vötn renna til sævar, ‘all waters run into the sea.’ Rivers with glacier water are in Icel. called Hvítá, White river, or Jökulsá: Hitá, Hot river, from a hot spring, opp. to Kaldá, v. Landn.: others take a name from the fish in them, as Laxá, Lax or Salmon river (freq.); Örriða á, etc.: a tributary river is þverá, etc.: ár in the Njála often means the great rivers Ölfusá and Þjórsá in the south of Iceland. Áin helga, a river in Sweden, Hkr. ii: á is also suffixed to the names of foreign rivers, Tempsá = Thames; Dóná, Danube (Germ. Don-au), (mod.), etc. Vide Edda (Gl.) 116, 117, containing the names of over a hundred North-English and Scottish rivers.

COMPDS: áráll, árbakki, árbrot, ardjúp, árfarvegr, árfors, árgljúfr, árhlutr, ármegin, árminni, ármót, áróss, árreki, árstraumr, árströnd, árvað, árvegr, árvöxtr.

fall [fɔ:l]

chute ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (d), 1 (e), 1 (k) baisse ⇒ 1 (f), 1 (g) automne ⇒ 1 (j) tomber ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (f)-(h), 2 (j)-(m) se laisser tomber ⇒ 2 (b) s'écrouler ⇒ 2 (c) s'assombrir ⇒ 2 (i) cascade ⇒ 4

(pt fell [fel], pp fallen ['fɔ:ln])

1 noun

(a) (tumble) chute f;

∎ have you had a fall? êtes-vous tombé?, avez-vous fait une chute?;

∎ a fall from a horse une chute de cheval;

∎ a forty-metre fall une chute de quarante mètres;

∎ literary the fall of night la tombée de la nuit;

∎ to be heading or riding for a fall courir à l'échec;

∎ the government is riding for a fall le gouvernement va au-devant de la défaite

(b) (of rain, snow) chute f;

∎ there was a heavy fall of snow overnight il y a eu de fortes chutes de neige dans la nuit

(c) Theatre (of curtain) baisser m

(d) (collapse → of building, wall) chute f, effondrement m; (→ of dirt, rock) éboulement m, chute f; (→ of city, country) chute f, capitulation f; (→ of regime) chute f, renversement m;

∎ the fall of the Roman Empire la chute de l'Empire romain;

∎ the fall of the Bastille la prise de la Bastille

(e) (ruin → of person) perte f, ruine f;

∎ Religion the Fall (of Man) la chute (de l'homme)

(f) (decrease → in price, income, shares, temperature) baisse f (in de); (→ in currency) dépréciation f, baisse f (in de); (more marked) chute f (in de); (→ of barometer, in pressure) chute f (in de)

(g) (lowering → of water) décrue f, baisse f; (→ of voice) cadence f

(h) (drape)

∎ the fall of her gown le drapé de sa robe, la façon dont tombe sa robe

(i) (slope) pente f, inclinaison f

(j) American (autumn) automne m;

∎ in the fall en automne

(k) Sport (in judo) chute f; (in wrestling) chute f

2 intransitive verb

(a) (barrier, cup, napkin, water, person) tomber;

∎ the napkin fell to the floor la serviette est tombée par terre;

∎ I slipped and fell on the ice j'ai dérapé sur la glace et je suis tombé;

∎ the child fell into the pond l'enfant est tombé dans la mare;

∎ she fell off the stool/out of the window elle est tombée du tabouret/par la fenêtre;

∎ to fall 20 feet tomber de 20 pieds;

∎ he fell over the pile of books il est tombé en butant contre le tas de livres;

∎ just let your arms fall to your sides laissez simplement vos bras pendre ou tomber sur les côtés;

∎ he fell in a heap on the floor il s'est affaissé ou il est tombé comme une masse;

∎ he fell full length il est tombé de tout son long;

∎ the crowd fell on or to their knees la foule est tombée à genoux;

∎ he fell at her feet to ask forgiveness il est tombé à genoux devant elle pour lui demander pardon;

∎ she did let fall a few hints elle a fait effectivement quelques allusions;

∎ the book fell open at page 20 le livre s'est ouvert à la page 20;

∎ also figurative to fall on one's feet retomber sur ses pieds;

∎ a cat always falls on its feet un chat retombe toujours sur ses pattes;

∎ I fell flat on my face je suis tombé à plat ventre ou face contre terre; familiar figurative je me suis planté;

∎ American very familiar also figurative he fell flat on his ass il s'est cassé la gueule;

∎ his only joke fell flat la seule plaisanterie qu'il a faite est tombée à plat;

∎ the scheme fell flat le projet est tombé à l'eau;

∎ despite all their efforts, the party fell flat en dépit de leurs efforts, la soirée a fait un flop;

∎ to fall to bits or to pieces tomber en morceaux;

∎ all her good intentions fell by the wayside toutes ses bonnes intentions sont tombées à l'eau;

∎ the job fell short of her expectations le poste ne répondait pas à ses attentes

(b) (move deliberately) se laisser tomber;

∎ I fell into the armchair je me suis laissé tomber dans le fauteuil;

∎ they fell into one another's arms ils sont tombés dans les bras l'un de l'autre

(c) (bridge, building) s'écrouler, s'effondrer

(d) (err, go astray) s'écarter du droit chemin; Religion (sin) pécher;

∎ Religion to fall from grace perdre la grâce; figurative tomber en disgrâce

(e) (ground) descendre, aller en pente

(f) (government) tomber, être renversé; (city, country) tomber;

∎ after a long siege the city fell après un long siège, la ville a capitulé;

∎ Constantinople fell to the Turks Constantinople est tombée aux mains des Turcs

(g) (darkness, light, night, rain, snow) tomber;

∎ as night fell à la tombée de la nuit;

∎ the tree's shadow fell across the lawn l'arbre projetait son ombre sur la pelouse

(h) (land → eyes, blow, weapon) tomber;

∎ my eyes fell on the letter mon regard est tombé sur la lettre

(i) (face, spirits) s'assombrir;

∎ at the sight of her, his face fell quand il l'a vue, son visage s'est assombri ou s'est allongé;

∎ my spirits fell tout d'un coup, j'ai perdu le moral

(j) (hang down) tomber, descendre;

∎ the curtains fall right to the floor les rideaux tombent ou descendent jusqu'au sol;

∎ the fabric falls in gentle folds ce tissu retombe en faisant de jolis plis;

∎ his hair fell to his shoulders ses cheveux lui descendaient ou tombaient jusqu'aux épaules;

∎ his hair keeps falling into his eyes ses cheveux n'arrêtent pas de lui tomber dans les yeux

(k) (decrease in level, value → price, temperature) baisser, tomber; (→ pressure) baisser, diminuer; (→ wind) tomber;

∎ the thermometer/temperature has fallen ten degrees le thermomètre/la température a baissé de dix degrés;

∎ their voices fell to a whisper ils se sont mis à chuchoter;

∎ the boss fell in our esteem le patron a baissé dans notre estime

(l) (issue forth) tomber, s'échapper;

∎ curses fell from her lips elle laissa échapper des jurons;

∎ the tears started to fall il/elle se mit à pleurer

(m) (occur) tomber;

∎ May Day falls on a Tuesday this year le Premier Mai tombe un mardi cette année;

∎ the accent falls on the third syllable l'accent tombe sur la troisième syllabe

(n) (descend)

∎ a great sadness fell over the town une grande tristesse s'abattit sur la ville;

∎ a hush fell among or over the crowd tout d'un coup, la foule s'est tue

(o) (become)

∎ to fall asleep s'endormir;

∎ the child fell fast asleep l'enfant est tombé dans un profond sommeil;

∎ the bill falls due on the 6th la facture arrive à échéance le 6;

∎ he will fall heir to a vast fortune il va hériter d'une grande fortune;

∎ to fall ill or sick tomber malade;

∎ to fall pregnant tomber enceinte;

∎ to fall in love (with sb) tomber amoureux (de qn);

∎ to fall silent se taire;

∎ it falls vacant in February (job) il se trouvera vacant au mois de février; (apartment) il se trouvera libre ou il se libérera au mois de février;

∎ to fall victim to sth être victime de qch;

∎ she fell victim to depression elle a fait une dépression

(p) (die) mourir;

∎ the young men who fell in battle les jeunes tombés au champ d'honneur

(q) (be classified)

∎ the athletes fall into two categories les sportifs se divisent en deux catégories;

∎ these facts fall under another category ces faits entrent dans une autre catégorie;

∎ that falls outside my area of responsibility cela ne relève pas de ma responsabilité;

∎ that does not fall within the scope of our agreement ceci n'entre pas dans le cadre de ou ne fait pas partie de notre accord

(r) (inheritance)

∎ the fortune fell to his niece c'est sa nièce qui a hérité de sa fortune

(s) Sport (in cricket)

∎ two English wickets fell on the first day deux batteurs anglais ont été éliminés le premier jour

3 compound-forming noun

American (colours, weather) d'automne, automnal

4 falls plural noun

(waterfall) cascade f, chute f d'eau;

∎ Niagara Falls les chutes fpl du Niagara

►► familiar fall guy (dupe) pigeon m; (scapegoat) bouc m émissaire^□ ;

Hunting fall trap assommoir m

➲ fall about intransitive verb

British familiar se tordre de rire;

∎ they fell about (laughing) ils se tordaient de rire

➲ fall apart intransitive verb

(a) (book, furniture) tomber en morceaux; figurative (nation) se désagréger; (conference) échouer; (system) s'écrouler, s'effondrer;

∎ her plans fell apart at the seams ses projets sont tombés à l'eau;

∎ her life was falling apart toute sa vie s'écroulait;

∎ their marriage is falling apart leur mariage est en train de se briser ou va à vau-l'eau

(b) (person) s'effondrer;

∎ he more or less fell apart after his wife's death il a plus ou moins craqué après la mort de sa femme

➲ fall away intransitive verb

(a) (paint, plaster) s'écailler

(b) (diminish in size → attendance, figures) diminuer; (→ fears) se dissiper, fondre

(c) (defect) déserter;

∎ support for his policies is beginning to fall away dans la politique qu'il mène il commence à perdre ses appuis

(d) (land, slope) s'affaisser

➲ fall back intransitive verb

(a) (fall) tomber à la renverse ou en arrière

(b) (retreat, recede) reculer, se retirer; Military se replier, battre en retraite

(c) (lag, trail) se laisser distancer, être à la traîne

(d) Stock Exchange & Finance

∎ to fall back two points se replier de deux points

➲ fall back on inseparable transitive verb

∎ to fall back on sth avoir recours à qch;

∎ it's good to have something to fall back on (skill) c'est bien de pouvoir se raccrocher à quelque chose; (money) il vaut mieux avoir d'autres ressources;

➲ fall behind

1 intransitive verb

se laisser distancer, être à la traîne; Sport se laisser distancer; (in cycling) décrocher;

∎ she fell behind in or with her work elle a pris du retard dans son travail;

∎ they've fallen behind with their reading ils ont pris du retard dans leurs lectures;

∎ we can't fall behind in or with the rent nous ne pouvons pas être en retard pour le loyer

2 inseparable transitive verb

prendre du retard sur;

∎ he's fallen behind the rest of the class il a pris du retard sur le reste de la classe

➲ fall down intransitive verb

(a) (book, person, picture) tomber (par terre); (bridge, building) s'effondrer, s'écrouler;

∎ that house looks as if it's about to fall down on dirait que cette maison va s'écrouler

(b) (argument, comparison) s'écrouler, s'effondrer;

∎ where the whole thing falls down is… là où plus rien ne tient debout ou où tout s'écroule c'est…

➲ fall down on inseparable transitive verb

∎ to fall down on sth échouer à qch;

➲ fall for inseparable transitive verb familiar

(a) (become infatuated with) tomber amoureux de^□ ;

∎ they fell for each other ils sont tombés amoureux l'un de l'autre;

∎ they really fell for Spain in a big way ils ont vraiment été emballés par l'Espagne

(b) (be deceived by) se laisser prendre par^□ ;

∎ they really fell for it! ils ont vraiment mordu!, ils se sont vraiment fait avoir!;

∎ don't fall for that hard luck story of his ne te fais pas avoir quand il te raconte qu'il a la poisse;

∎ I'm not falling for that one! ça ne prend pas!, à d'autres!

➲ fall in intransitive verb

(a) (tumble) tomber;

∎ you'll fall in! tu vas tomber dedans!;

∎ he leant too far over the side of the boat and fell in il s'est trop penché hors du bateau et il est tombé

(b) (roof) s'effondrer, s'écrouler

(c) (line up) se mettre en rang, s'aligner; Military (troops) former les rangs; (one soldier) rentrer dans les rangs;

∎ fall in! à vos rangs!

➲ fall into inseparable transitive verb

(a) (tumble into) tomber dans;

∎ they fell into the trap ils sont tombés dans le piège;

∎ to fall into sb's clutches or sb's hands tomber dans les griffes de qn, tomber entre les mains de qn;

∎ figurative the pieces began to fall into place les éléments ont commencé à se mettre en place

(b) (begin)

∎ she fell into conversation with the stranger elle est entrée en conversation avec l'étranger

➲ fall in with inseparable transitive verb

(a) (frequent)

∎ to fall in with sb se mettre à fréquenter qn;

∎ she fell in with a bad crowd elle s'est mise à fréquenter des gens louches

(b) British (agree with → suggestion) accepter; (→ request) accéder à;

∎ I'll fall in with whatever you decide to do je me rangerai à ce que tu décideras

➲ fall off intransitive verb

(a) (drop off) tomber; (in mountain climbing) dévisser;

∎ the leaves of this plant are falling off les feuilles de cette plante tombent, cette plante perd ses feuilles;

∎ she fell off the bicycle/horse elle est tombée du vélo/de cheval

(b) (diminish → attendance, exports, numbers, sales) diminuer, baisser; (→ profits) diminuer; (→ enthusiasm, production) baisser, tomber; (→ population, rate) baisser, décroître; (→ speed) ralentir; (→ interest, zeal) se relâcher; (→ popularity) baisser; (→ wind) tomber

➲ fall on inseparable transitive verb

(a) (drop on) tomber sur;

∎ something fell on my head j'ai reçu quelque chose sur la tête

(b) (attack) attaquer, se jeter sur;

∎ the starving children fell on the food les enfants, affamés, se sont jetés sur la nourriture;

∎ Military the guerrillas fell on the unsuspecting troops les guérilleros ont fondu sur ou attaqué les troupes sans qu'elles s'y attendent

(c) (meet with) tomber sur, trouver;

∎ they fell on hard times ils sont tombés dans la misère, ils ont subi des revers de fortune

(d) (of responsibility) revenir à, incomber à;

∎ suspicion falls on them c'est eux que l'on soupçonne;

∎ responsibility for looking after them falls on me c'est à moi qu'il incombe de prendre soin d'eux

➲ fall out intransitive verb

(a) (drop out) tomber;

∎ the keys must have fallen out of my pocket les clés ont dû tomber de ma poche;

∎ his hair is falling out ses cheveux tombent, il perd ses cheveux

(b) (quarrel) se brouiller, se disputer;

∎ she's fallen out with her boyfriend elle est ou s'est brouillée avec son petit ami

(c) (happen) se passer, advenir;

∎ as things fell out en fin de compte

(d) Military rompre les rangs;

∎ fall out! rompez!

(e) American familiar (fall asleep) s'endormir^□

➲ fall over intransitive verb

(a) (lose balance → person) tomber (par terre); (→ thing) se renverser, être renversé

(b) familiar (idioms)

∎ she was falling over herself to make us feel welcome elle se mettait en quatre pour nous faire bon accueil;

∎ the men were falling over each other to help her les hommes ne savaient pas quoi inventer pour l'aider

➲ fall through intransitive verb

(fail) échouer;

∎ the deal fell through l'affaire n'a pas abouti;

∎ all our plans fell through at the last minute tous nos projets sont tombés à l'eau au dernier moment

➲ fall to

1 inseparable transitive verb

(a) British (begin) se mettre à;

∎ we fell to work nous nous sommes mis à l'œuvre;

∎ we all fell to talking about the past nous nous sommes tous mis à parler du passé

(b) (devolve upon) appartenir à, incomber à;

∎ the task that falls to us is not an easy one la tâche qui nous incombe ou revient n'est pas facile;

∎ it fell to her to break the news to him ce fut à elle de lui annoncer la nouvelle

2 intransitive verb

∎ (eat) he brought in the food and they fell to il a apporté à manger et ils se sont jetés dessus;

➲ fall upon inseparable transitive verb

(a) (attack) attaquer, se jeter sur;

∎ Military the army fell upon the enemy l'armée s'est abattue ou a fondu sur l'ennemi;

∎ they fell upon the food ils se sont jetés sur la nourriture

(b) (meet with) tomber sur, trouver;

∎ the family fell upon hard times la famille a subi des revers de fortune

✾ Book 'The Fall of the House of Usher' Poe 'La Chute de la maison Usher'

रसः [रस्-अच्]

1 Sap, juice (of trees); इक्षुरसः, कुसुमरसः &c.

-2 A liquid, fluid; यष्टव्यं पशुभिर्मुख्यैरथो बीजै रसैरिति Mb.14.91.21; न्यस्ताक्षरा धातुरसेन यत्र Ku.1.7.

-3 Water; सहस्रगुणमुत्स्रष्टुमादत्ते हि रसं रविः R.1.18; Bv.2.144.

-4 Liquor, drink; Ms.2.177.

-5 A draught, potion.

-6 Taste, flavour, relish (fig. also) (considered in Vaiś. phil. as one of the 24 gunas; the rasas are six; कटु, अम्ल, मधुर, लवण, तिक्त and कषाय); परायत्तः प्रीतेः कथ- मिव रसं वेत्तु पुरुषः Mu.3.4; U.2.2.

-7 A sauce, condi- ment,

-8 An object of taste; मनो बबन्धान्यरसान् विलङ्ध्य सा R.3.4.

-9 Taste or inclination for a thing, liking, desire; रसवर्जं रसो$प्यस्य परं दृष्ट्वा निवर्तते Bg.2.59; इष्टे वस्तुन्युपचितरसाः प्रेमराशीभवन्ति Me.114.

-1 Love, affec- tion; जरसा यस्मिन्नहार्यो रसः U.1.39; प्रसरति रसो निर्वृतिघनः 6.11 'feeling of love'; रसादृते V.2.21; Ku. 3.37.

-11 Pleasure, delight, happiness; चिरात्सुतस्पर्श- रसज्ञतां ययौ R.3.26.

-12 Charm, interest, elegance, beauty.

-13 Pathos, emotion, feeling.

-14 (In poetic compositions) A sentiment; नवरसरुचिरां निर्मितिमादधती भारती कवेर्जयति; K. P.1. (The rasas are usually eight:-- शृङ्गारहास्यकरुणरौद्रवीरभयानकाः । भीभत्साद्भुतसंज्ञौ चेत्यष्टौ नाट्ये रसाः स्मृताः ॥ but sometimes शान्तरस is added; thus making the total number 9; निर्वेदस्थायिभावो$स्ति शान्तो$पि नवमो रसः K. P.4; sometimes a tenth, वात्सल्यरस, is also added. Rasas are more or less a necessary factor of every poetic composition, but, according to Viśvanātha, they constitute the very essence of poetry; वाक्यं रसात्मकं काव्यम् S. D.3.).

-15 Essence, pith, best part; ब्रह्म तेजोमयं शुक्रं यस्य सर्वमिदं रसःMb.12.24.9.

-16 A con- stituent fluid of the body.

-17 Semen virile.

-18 Mer- cury.

-19 A poison, poisonous drink; as in तीक्ष्णरस- दायिनः; रसविधानकौशलैः Dk.2.8.

-2 Any mineral metallic salt.

-21 Juice of the sugar-cane.

-22 Milk.

-23 Melted butter.

-24 Nectar; मयः कूपरसे$क्षिपत् Bhāg.7.1.59-6.

-25 Soup, broth.

-26 A symboli- cal expression for the number 'six'.

-27 Green onion.

-28 Myrrh.

-29 Gold.

-3 A metal in a state of fusion.

-31 See रसातल; अनेन नूनं वेदानां कृतमाहरणं रसात् Mb.12.347.67.

-32 The tongue (as the organ of taste); वाण्यां च छन्दांसि रसे जलेशम् Bhāg.8.2.27; जितं सर्वं जिते रसे 11.8.21.

-33 (With Vaiṣṇavas.) Dispo- sition of the heart or mind (the five Rasas are शान्ति, दास्य, साख्य, वात्सल्य and माधुर्य).

-Comp. -अग्रजम् an ointment prepared from the calx of brass.

-अञ्जनम् vitriol of copper, a sort of collyrium.

-अधिक a.

1 tasty.

-2 abounding in pleasures, splendid; Ś.7.2 (v. l.). (

-कः) borax.

-अन्तरम् 1 a different taste.

-2 different feelings or sentiments.

-अभिनिवेशः intentness of affection.

-अम्लः 1 a kind of sorrel.

-2 sour sauce.

-अयनम् 1 an elixir of life (elixir vitæ), any medicine supposed to prolong life and prevent old age; निखिलरसायनमहितो गन्धेनोग्रेण लशुन इव R. G.

-2 (fig.) serving as an elixir vitæ, i. e. that which gratifies or regales; आनन्दनानि हृदयैकरसायनानि Māl.6.8; मनसश्च रसायनानि U.1.37; श्रोत्र˚, कर्ण˚ &c.

-3 alchemy or chemistry.

-4 any medicinal compound.

-5 butter-milk.

-6 poison.

-7 long pepper.

(-नः) 1 an alchemist.

-2 N. of Garuḍa. ˚श्रेष्ठः mer- cury. (

-नी f.)

1 a channel for the fluids of the body.

-2 N. of several plants:-- गुडूची, काकमाची, महाकरञ्ज, गोरक्षदुग्धा and मांसच्छदा.

-आत्मक a.

1 consisting of juice or sentiment.

-2 elegant, beautiful.

-3 having taste or flavour.

-4 ambrosial; रसात्मकस्योडुपतेश्च रश्मयः Ku.5.22.

-5 fluid, liquid, watery; सोमो भूत्वा रसात्मकः Bg.15.13.

-आदानम् absorption of fluid, suction.

-आधारः the sun.

-आभासः 1 the semblance or mere appearance of a sentiment; अनौचित्यप्रवृत्तत्वे आभासो रसभावयोः S. D.

-2 an improper manifestation of a sentiment.

-आश्रयः a. embodying or representing sentiments.

-आस्वादः 1 tasting juices of flavours.

-2 perception or appreciation of poetic sentiments, a perception of poetical charm; as in काव्यामृतरसास्वादः.

-आस्वादिन् m. a bee.

-आह्वः tur- pentine.

-इक्षुः sugar-cane.

-इन्द्रः 1 mercury.

-2 the philosopher's stone (the touch of which is said to turn iron into gold); ˚वेधजम्, संजातम् the gold.

-उत्तमम् milk.

(-मः) 1 quicksilver.

-2 Phaseolus Mungo (Mar. मूग).

-3 milk.

-उत्पत्तिः 1 production of taste.

-2 development of passion or sentiment.

-3 generation of the vital fluids.

-उद्भवम् 1 a pearl.

-2 vermilion.

-उपलम् a pearl.

-ऊनम् garlic; also ऊनकः.

-ओदनम् rice boiled in meat-broth.

-कर्पूरम् sublimate of mer- cury.

-कर्मन् n. preparation of quicksilver.

-केसरम् camphor.

-क्रिया the inspissation and application of fluid remedies.

-गन्धः, -न्धम् gum-myrrh.

-गन्धकः 1 myrrh.

-2 sulphur.

-गर्भम् 1 = रसाञ्जन.

-2 vermilion.

-गुण a. possessing the quality of taste; ज्योतिषश्च विकुर्वाणा- दापो रसगुणाः स्मृताः Ms.1.78.

-ग्रह a.

1 perceiving flavours.

-2 appreciating or enjoying pleasures. (

-हः) the organ of taste.

-घन a. full of juice.

-घ्नः borax.

-जः 1 sugar, molasses.

-2 an insect produced by the fermentation of liquids.

-जम् blood. -a. bred in fluids; Ms.11.143.

-जातम् an ointment prepared from the calx of brass.

-ज्ञ a.

1 one who appreciates the flavour or excellence of, one who knows the taste of; सांसारिकेषु च सुखेषु वयं रसज्ञाः U.2.22.

-2 capable of discerning the beauty of things.

(-ज्ञः) 1 a man of taste or feeling, a critic, an appreciative person, a poet.

-2 an alchemist.

-3 a physician, or one who prepares mer- curial or other chemical compounds. (

-ज्ञा) the tongue; सखि मा जल्प तवायसी रसज्ञा Bv.2.59; (

-रसज्ञता, त्वम् means

1 poetical skill.

-2 alchemy.

-3 knowledge of flavours.

-4 discrimination.).

-ज्ञानम् a branch of medical science.

-ज्येष्ठः 1 the sweet taste.

-2 the love sentiment.

-तन्मात्रम् the subtle element of taste.

-तेजस् n. blood.

-दः 1 a physician; Mb.12.121.45.

-2 a spy who administers poison; Kau. A.1.12.

-द्राविन् a kind of citron.

-धातु n. quicksilver.

-धेनुः a cow consisting of fruit-juice.

-नाथः mercury.

-नायकः N. of Sacute;iva.

-निवृत्तिः loss of taste.

-नेत्रिका red arsenic.

-पाकजः molasses.

-पाचकः a cook.

-प्रबन्धः any poetical com- position, particularly a drama.

-फलः the cocoanut tree.

-भङ्गः the interruption or cessation of a sentiment.

-भवम् blood.

-भस्मम् n. oxide of mercury.

-भेदः a preparation of quicksilver.

-मलम् impure excretions.

-मातृका the tongue.

-योगः juices mixed scientifically.

-राजः, -लोहः 1 = रसाञ्जन.

-2 quick-silver.

-वादः alche- my.

-विक्रयः sale of liquors.

-विद्धम् artificial gold.

-शास्त्रम् the science of alchemy.

-शोधनः borax. (

-नम्) purification of mercury.

-सरोरुहम् a red lotus.

-सिद्ध a.

1 accomplished in poetry, conversant with sentiments; जयन्ति ते सुकृतिनो रससिद्धाः कवीश्वराः Bh.2.24.

-2 skilled in alchemy.

-सिद्धिः f. skill in alchemy.

-सिन्दूरम् a cinnabar made of zinc, mercury, blue vitriol and nitre.

-स्थानम् vermilion.

tant [tɑ̃]

   a. ( = tellement) (avec verbe) so much ; (avec adjectif, participe) so

• il l'aime tant ! he loves her so much!

• tu m'en diras tant ! really!

• cet enfant tant désiré this child they had longed for so much

• le jour tant attendu arriva the long-awaited day arrived

► tant de (singulier) so much ; (pluriel) so many

• fait avec tant d'habileté done with so much skill

• il y avait tant de brouillard qu'il s'est perdu it was so foggy that he got lost

• tant de fois so many times

• comme tant d'autres like so many others

• elle a tant de sensibilité she's so sensitive

   b. (quantité non précisée) so much

• gagner tant par mois to earn so much a month

   c. ( = autant) les enfants, tant filles que garçons the children, both girls and boys

• ses œuvres tant politiques que lyriques both his political and his poetic works

• il criait tant qu'il pouvait he shouted as loud as he could

► tant que ça

• tant que ça ? as much as that?

• pas tant que ça not that much

• tu la paies tant que ça ? do you pay her as much as that?

• je ne l'ai pas vu tant que ça pendant l'été I didn't see him that much during the summer

   d. (locutions)

► tant il est vrai que

• il sera difficile de sauver l'entreprise, tant il est vrai que sa situation financière est désastreuse the financial situation is so disastrous that it will be difficult to save the company► tant et si bien que so much so that

► tant bien que mal

• ils essaient tant bien que mal de conserver leur emploi they're doing their best to keep their jobs

• la plupart survivent tant bien que mal avec leurs économies most of them manage to get by on their savings► tant mieux ( = à la bonne heure) good ; (avec une certaine réserve) so much the better

• tant mieux pour lui good for him► tant pis that's just too bad

• tant pis pour lui that's just too bad for him

• je ne peux pas venir -- tant pis pour toi ! I can't come -- that's your loss!► tant que ( = aussi longtemps que) as long as ; ( = pendant que) while

• tant qu'elle aura de la fièvre, elle restera au lit as long as she has a temperature she'll stay in bed

• tant que tu n'auras pas fini tes devoirs, tu resteras à la maison you can't go out until you've finished your homework

• tant qu'on a la santé ! (inf) as long as you've got your health!(PROV) tant qu'il y a de la vie, il y a de l'espoir(PROV) where there's life, there's hope

• tant que tu y es, achète aussi du pain while you are at it, buy some bread as well

• je veux une moto -- pourquoi pas une voiture tant que tu y es ! (inf) I want a motorbike -- why not a car while you're at it! (inf)► tant qu'à faire

• tant qu'à faire, allons-y maintenant we might as well go now

• j'aurais préféré être beau et riche, tant qu'à faire I would have preferred to have been handsome and rich for that matter

• tant qu'à faire, faites-le bien if you're going to do it, do it properly► en tant que ( = comme) as

• en tant qu'ami de la famille as a family friend

• en tant que tel as such

* * *

1) ( tellement) ( modifiant un verbe) so much; ( modifiant un participe passé) much

2) ( autant)

3) ( aussi longtemps)

4) ( remplaçant un nombre)

tant de déterminant indéfini

1) ( avec un nom dénombrable) so many

2) ( avec un nom non dénombrable) so much

* * *

1) (= tellement) so much

2) (en corrélation avec "que": autant)

3) (autres locutions)

* * *

tant ⇒ Les quantités

A adv

1 ( modifiant un verbe) so much; ( modifiant un participe passé) much; il a tant crié qu'il n'a plus de voix, il n'a plus de voix tant il a crié he's been shouting so much that he's lost his voice; il quitta la pièce tant il se sentait honteux he was so ashamed that he left the room; il a tant insisté que j'ai fini par céder he was so insistent that I ended up giving in; qu'as-tu à tant pleurer? why are you crying so much?; il travaille tant! he works so much ou so hard!; vous m'en direz tant! you don't say!; il y a tant à faire qu'il ne sait pas où commencer there's so much to be done that he doesn't know where to start; elle m'a tant appris! she taught me so much!; tant il est vrai que… since it's a well-known fact that…; les diamants tant convoités the much coveted diamonds; le moment tant attendu the long-awaited moment; le chef tant redouté the much dreaded boss;

2 ( dans une comparaison) son œuvre est remarquable, tant ses films que ses romans his works are remarkable, both his films and his novels ou his films as much as his novels; il est odieux avec tout le monde, tant avec ses collègues qu'avec sa famille he's obnoxious to everybody, both to his colleagues and to his family ou as much to his colleagues as to his family; ce n'est pas tant une question d'argent qu'une question de principe it's not so much a question of money as a question of principle; n'aimer rien tant que… to like nothing so much as…; il poussait tant qu'il pouvait he pushed as hard as he could, he pushed for all he was worth; tu peux protester tant que tu voudras, il ne changera pas d'avis you can protest as much as you like, he won't change his mind; faire qch tant bien que mal to do sth with great difficulty;

3 ( aussi longtemps) tant que as long as; je resterai tant qu'il y aura du travail I'll stay as long as there's work to be had; je ne partirai pas tant qu'il ne m'aura pas accordé un rendez-vous I won't leave until he's given me an appointment; profites-en tant que tu peux make the most of it while you can; aide-moi donc à déplacer cette armoire tant que tu es là since you're here why don't you help me move the wardrobe?; tant que tu y es, balaye aussi la cuisine while you're at it, sweep the kitchen as well; traite-moi de menteur tant que tu y es○! go ahead and call me a liar!;

4 ( remplaçant un nombre) gagner/dépenser tant par mois to earn/to spend so much a month; votre lettre datée du tant your letter of such- and-such a date.

B tant de dét indéf

1 ( avec un nom dénombrable) so many; tant de livres/d'idées so many books/ideas; tant de meubles so much furniture; Loulou, Grovagnard, Pichon et tant d'autres Loulou, Grovagnard, Pichon and so many others; des petits pavillons comme on en voit tant en banlieue small houses of which there are so many in the suburbs; s'il y a tant de tickets vendus par semaine if so many tickets are sold per week;

2 ( avec un nom non dénombrable) so much; tant d'argent/de travail/de bonheur so much money/work/happiness; je n'ai jamais vu tant de monde I've never seen so many people; tant d'humilité force le respect such humility commands respect; il y avait tant de sel dans la soupe qu'elle était immangeable the soup was so salty, you couldn't eat it.

C ( dans des locutions) tant pis too bad; tant pis pour toi/lui/eux too bad for you/him/them, that's your/his/their bad luck; tant mieux so much the better; tant mieux pour toi/lui/eux good for you/him/them; tant et plus gén a great deal; ( avec nom comptable) a great many; tant et si bien que so much so that; il a fait tant et si bien qu'il s'est fait renvoyer he finally managed to get himself fired; il est un tant soit peu arrogant he's a bit arrogant; s'il avait un tant soit peu d'imagination/de bon sens if he had the slightest bit of imagination/of common sense, if he had an ounce of imagination/of common sense; si tu étais (un) tant soit peu inquiet if you were in the least bit worried; tant s'en faut not by a long shot; tant qu'à faire, autant repeindre toute la pièce we may as well repaint the whole room; tant qu'à faire, je préférerais que ce soit lui qui l'achète since somebody has to buy it, I'd rather it was him; tant qu'à acheter un ordinateur, autant en acheter un bon if you're going to buy a computer, you may as well buy a good one; en tant que as; en tant que lexicographe as a lexicographer; en tant que tel as such; si tant est qu'il puisse y aller that is if he can go at all; tant que ça○? ( avec un nom comptable) that many?; ( avec un nom non comptable ou un verbe) that much?; je ne l'aime pas tant que ça I don't like him/her all that much; tant qu'à moi/toi/lui○ as for me/you/him.

[tɑ̃] adverbe

1. [avec un verbe]

[en corrélation avec 'que']

2. [avec un participe passé]

3. (soutenu) [introduisant la cause]

4. [exprimant une quantité imprécise] so much

5. [introduisant une comparaison]

6. (locution)

comme il y en a tant: une maison de banlieue comme il y en a tant one of those suburban houses that you come across so often

————————

[tɑ̃] nom masculin

vous serez payé le tant de chaque mois you'll be paid on such and such a date every month

————————

en tant que locution conjonctive

1. [en qualité de] as

2. [dans la mesure où] as long as

tant bien que mal locution adverbiale

le moteur est reparti, tant bien que mal somehow, the engine started up again

————————

tant de locution déterminante

1. [tellement de] (suivi d'un nom non comptable) so much, such

[en corrélation avec 'que']

2. [exprimant une quantité imprécise]

tant et plus locution adverbiale

tant et si bien que locution conjonctive

tant il est vrai que locution conjonctive

il s'en remettra, tant il est vrai que le temps guérit tout he'll get over it, for it's true that time is a great healer

————————

tant mieux locution adverbiale

tant mieux pour lui good for him

————————

tant pis locution adverbiale

tant soit peu locution adverbiale

s'il est tant soit peu intelligent, il comprendra if he is even the slightest bit intelligent, he'll understand

————————

tant que locution conjonctive

1. [autant que] as ou so much as

2. [aussi longtemps que] as long as

[pendant que] while

tant qu'il y a de la vie, il y a de l'espoir while there's life there's hope

————————

tant qu'à locution conjonctive

un tant soit peu locution adverbiale

s'il voulait être un tant soit peu plus aimable if he would only be just the slightest ou tiniest bit more friendly

1) (take up) [in die Hand] nehmen [Brief, Buch usw.]; hochnehmen [Baby]; [wieder] aufnehmen [Handarbeit]; aufnehmen [Masche]; auffinden [Fehler]; (after dropping) aufheben

2) (collect) mitnehmen; (by arrangement) abholen (at, from von); (obtain) holen

3) (become infected by) sich (Dat.) einfangen od. holen (ugs.) [Virus, Grippe]

4) (take on board) [Bus, Autofahrer:] mitnehmen

5) (rescue from the sea) [aus Seenot] bergen

6) (coll.): (earn) einstreichen (ugs.)

7) (coll.): (make acquaintance of) aufreißen (ugs.)

8) (find and arrest) festnehmen

9) (receive) empfangen [Signal, Funkspruch usw.]

10) (obtain casually) sich (Dat.) aneignen; bekommen [Sache]

11) (obtain) auftreiben (ugs.)

12) (resume) wieder aufnehmen [Erzählung, Gespräch]

13) (regain) wieder finden [Spur, Fährte]; wieder aufnehmen [Witterung]

14) (pay)

* * *

1) (to learn gradually, without formal teaching: I never studied Italian - I just picked it up when I was in Italy.) aufschnappen

2) (to let (someone) into a car, train etc in order to take him somewhere: I picked him up at the station and drove him home.) auflesen

3) (to get (something) by chance: I picked up a bargain at the shops today.) erstehen

4) (to right (oneself) after a fall etc; to stand up: He fell over and picked himself up again.) sich erheben

5) (to collect (something) from somewhere: I ordered some meat from the butcher - I'll pick it up on my way home tonight.) mitnehmen

6) ((of radio, radar etc) to receive signals: We picked up a foreign broadcast last night.) reinkriegen

7) (to find; to catch: We lost his trail but picked it up again later; The police picked up the criminal.) auf-, hochnehmen

* * *

◆ pick up

I. vt

1. (lift)

▪ to \pick up up ⇆ sth/sb etw/jdn aufheben

to \pick up up the phone [den Hörer] abnehmen; (make phone call) anrufen

2. (stand up)

▪ to \pick up oneself up aufstehen; (collect oneself) sich akk aufrappeln fam

to \pick up oneself up off the floor ( fig) sich akk [langsam] erholen, sich akk wieder aufrappeln fam

3. (acquire)

▪ to \pick up up ⇆ sth etw erwerben

she \pick uped up an American accent while she was working in Boston sie hat sich, während sie in Boston gearbeitet hat, einen amerikanischen Akzent angeeignet

I \pick uped up some useful ideas at the seminar aus dem Seminar habe ich einige gute Ideen mitgenommen

where did she \pick up up the information? woher hat sie diese Informationen?

to \pick up up a bargain [or good buy] ein Schnäppchen machen

to \pick up up an illness eine Krankheit fangen fam, sich akk mit einer Krankheit anstecken

to \pick up up a prize einen Preis verliehen bekommen

4. (learn)

▪ to \pick up up ⇆ sth etw aufschnappen [o mitkriegen] fam

5. (collect)

▪ to \pick up up ⇆ sb/sth jdn/etw abholen

do you mind \pick uping me up from the station? würde es dir etwas ausmachen, mich vom Bahnhof abzuholen?

I \pick uped up the dry-cleaning while I was in town während ich in der Stadt war, holte ich die Sachen von der Reinigung ab

the crew of the sinking tanker were \pick uped up by helicopter die Besatzung des sinkenden Tankers wurde von einem Hubschrauber an Bord genommen

to \pick up up passengers Fahrgäste [o Passagiere] aufnehmen

6. ( fam: for sexual purposes)

▪ to \pick up up ⇆ sb jdn abschleppen [o aufreißen] fam

7. (detect)

▪ to \pick up up ⇆ sth etw wahrnehmen

he's awfully quick to \pick up up any mistakes in your grammar er reagiert immer wie der Blitz darauf, wenn man einen grammatischen Fehler macht

to \pick up up the scent Witterung aufnehmen

to \pick up up the whiff of a fox einen Fuchs wittern

8. (on radio)

can you \pick up up Moscow on your radio? kannst du mit deinem Radio den Moskauer Sender empfangen?

to \pick up up a signal ein Signal empfangen; ( fig)

I'm \pick uping up signals that it's time we were on our way ich glaube, mir wird da signalisiert, dass wir uns jetzt auf den Weg machen sollten

9. (increase)

to \pick up up speed [or momentum] schneller werden; ( fig) sich akk verstärken

her career began to \pick up up speed mit ihrer Karriere ging es steil bergauf

10. ( fam: stop)

▪ to \pick up up ⇆ sb jdn schnappen fam

she was \pick uped up by the police for speeding sie wurde von der Polizei wegen überhöhter Geschwindigkeit angehalten

11. BRIT, AUS (correct)

▪ to \pick up sb up on sth jdn auf etw akk aufmerksam machen

the teacher \pick uped him up on his pronunciation der Lehrer verbesserte seine Aussprache

12. ( fam: earn)

to \pick up up £300 300 Pfund verdienen

he can \pick up up $100 an evening just in tips er kann am Abend allein in Trinkgeldern bis zu 100 Dollar machen

13. (resume)

▪ to \pick up up ⇆ sth an etw akk anknüpfen, auf etw akk zurückkommen

we \pick uped up the conversation again more or less where we had left off the previous evening wir setzten die Unterhaltung mehr oder weniger da fort, wo wir gestern Abend stehen geblieben waren

▶ to \pick up up the bill [or tab] [or AM also check] ( fam) [die Rechnung] [be]zahlen

the consumer will be forced to \pick up up the bill for this scheme am Ende wird der Verbraucher für dieses Programm zur Kasse gebeten werden

▶ to \pick up up the pieces die Scherben kitten

▶ to \pick up up the threads den Faden wieder aufnehmen

they \pick uped up the threads of their conversation/discussion sie nahmen den Faden ihres Gesprächs/ihrer Diskussion wieder auf

they \pick uped up the threads of their marriage sie haben in ihrer Ehe einen Neuanfang gemacht

II. vi

1. (improve) sich akk bessern, besser werden; numbers steigen; market sich erholen

his spirits began to \pick up up seine Laune begann sich zu bessern

my interest \pick uped up when the film became centred on the trial proceedings mein Interesse erwachte wieder, als der Film sich auf die Gerichtsverhandlung konzentrierte

2. (resume)

to \pick up up where one left off da weitermachen, wo man aufgehört hat

3. (notice)

▪ to \pick up up on sb/sth jdn/etw bemerken [o wahrnehmen]; (react to) auf etw akk reagieren

4. esp AM (clean up) aufräumen

▪ to \pick up up after sb jdm hinterherräumen

5. esp BRIT (come into contact)

▪ to \pick up up with sb mit jdm Bekanntschaft schließen

* * *

1. vt sep

1) (= take up) aufheben; (= lift momentarily) hochheben; stitch aufnehmen

2) (= get) holen; (= buy) bekommen; (= acquire) habit sich (dat) angewöhnen; news, gossip aufschnappen; illness sich (dat) holen or zuziehen; (= earn) verdienen; medal bekommen, erhalten

3) (= learn) skill etc sich (dat) aneignen; language lernen; accent, word aufschnappen; information, tips etc herausbekommen; idea aufgreifen

4) (= collect) person, goods abholen

5) (bus etc) passengers aufnehmen; (in car) mitnehmen

6) (= rescue: helicopter, lifeboat) bergen

7) (= arrest, catch) wanted man, criminal schnappen (inf)

8) (inf) girl aufgabeln (inf)

9) (= find) road finden

10) (RAD) station hereinbekommen, (rein)kriegen (inf); message empfangen, auffangen; (= see) beacon etc ausmachen, sichten; (on radar) ausmachen; (record stylus) sound aufnehmen

11) (Brit: correct, put right) korrigieren

12) (= restore to health) wieder auf die Beine stellen

13) (= spot, identify) mistakes finden

14) (US inf = tidy) room auf Vordermann bringen (inf)

2. vi

1) (= improve) besser werden; (appetite) zunehmen; (currency) sich erholen; (business after slump) sich erholen; (engine) rund laufen; (= accelerate) schneller werden

2) (= continue) weitermachen

3) (inf)

* * *

pick up

A v/t

1. den Boden aufhacken

2. a) aufheben, -nehmen, -lesen, in die Hand nehmen, packen, ergreifen, SPORT einen Pass aufnehmen

b) aufpicken (Vogel):

pick up things after sb hinter jemandem herräumen; → academic.ru/30597/gauntlet">gauntlet¹ 2

3. umg

a) aufnehmen:

b) jemanden abholen ( at the station vom Bahnhof)

c) etwas (ab)holen ( from von)

4. umg

a) ein Mädchen aufgabeln, auflesen

b) jemanden aus dem Wasser ziehen

c) sich eine Krankheit etc holen oder einfangen

d) einen Anhalter mitnehmen

5. umg jemanden aufgreifen, hochnehmen (verhaften)

6. eine Spur aufnehmen

7. Strickmaschen aufnehmen

8. umg einen Rundfunksender bekommen, (rein)kriegen

9. eine Sendung empfangen, (ab)hören, einen Funkspruch etc auffangen

10. in Sicht bekommen

11. in den Schweinwerfer bekommen

12. ergattern, erstehen, aufgabeln:

pick up a few dollars sich (mit Gelegenheitsarbeiten etc) ein paar Dollar verdienen

13. mitbekommen, mitkriegen, zufällig erfahren oder hören, aufschnappen:

pick up a knowledge of French ein bisschen Französisch lernen

14. Mut, Kraft etc wiedererlangen:

pick up courage Mut fassen

15. gewinnen, einheimsen umg:

pick up profit Profit machen;

pick up victories besonders SPORT (ständig) Siege ernten oder einheimsen

16. gewinnen oder zunehmen an Macht, Stärke etc:

pick up speed → B 4

17. pick o.s. up sich hochrappeln umg:

a) aufstehen

b) (wieder) hochkommen, sich erholen

18. eine Erzählung etc wieder aufnehmen: → thread A 6

19. umg mitgehen lassen (stehlen)

20. US umg eine Rechnung übernehmen (u. bezahlen)

B v/i

1. pick up after sb hinter jemandem herräumen

2. fig

a) wieder auf die Beine kommen, auch WIRTSCH sich (wieder) erholen

b) besser werden (Wetter etc)

3. Bekanntschaft schließen, sich anfreunden ( beide:

with mit)

4. Geschwindigkeit aufnehmen, schneller werden, auf Touren oder in Fahrt kommen